Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary Biology, ofwhichthisisthetwenty-thirdvolume, continues toofferitsreadersawiderangeoforiginalarticles, reviews, andcom mentariesonevolution, inthebroadestsenseofthatterm. Thetopicsof thereviewsrangefromanthropology, molecularevolution, andpaleo biologytoprinciplesofsystematics. Inrecentvolumes, abroadspectrumofarticleshaveappearedon suchsubjectsasbiochemicalsystematics, comparativemorphologyand embryology, evolutionaryecology, biogeography, andpaleobiology. We havealsoattemptedtoprovideaforumforconflictingideas. Articlessuch asthese, oftentoolongforstandardjournals, arethematerialfor Evo lutionary Biology. Theeditorscontinuetosolicitmanuscriptsonaninternationalscale inanefforttoseethateveryoneofthemanyfacetsofbiologicalevolution iscovered. Manuscriptsshouldbesenttoeitherofthefollowing: Max K. Hecht, DepartmentofBiology, QueensCollegeoftheCityUniversity ofNewYork, Flushing, NewYork11367, orBruceWallace, Department ofBiology, VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity, Blacks burg, Virginia24061. TheeditorswishtocongratulateDr. GhilleanT. Pranceonhisnew appointmentatKewBotanicalGardensandthankhimforhiscollabo rativeeffortsineditingthepastninevolumes. TheEditors vII Contents 1. MaintenanceofaHereditaryVirus: TheSigmaVirusin PopulationsofItsHost, Drosophila melanogaster 1 Annie Fleuriet Introduction 1 FrenchPopulationsof Drosophila melanogaster. . . . . . . . . . . 2 PolymorphismofPopulations 2 CharacteristicsofWildStrainsoftheSigmaVirus 3 EffectsoftheInfectionuponCarriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ExperimentalPopulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 MaintenanceoftheVirusinFrenchNaturalPopulations. . . 12 GeographicalVariationofthe Drosophila-SigmaSystem 14 PolymorphismofPopulations 14 ViralCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 TentativeInterpretationoftheGeographicalPatternObserved 18 OtherSystemsofVerticallyTransmittedViruses 22 ExistenceofDifferentSensitivitiestotheVirus 22 CharacteristicsoftheViruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 MaintenanceintheVectorPopulation 24 Appendix: TransmissionofStabilizedandNonstabilized Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Self-MaintenanceofStabilizedConditionthroughMaternal Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 NonstabilizedCondition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References 28 2. Domestication: EvolutionaryChangeunderStress 31 M. J. Kohane and P. A. Parsons Introduction 31 EnvironmentalChangeandDomestication 33 Ix x Contents EcologicalPhenotypes 33 BehavioralPhenotypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 AdaptationtoLaboratoryConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ACaseStudy: DomesticationinFoxes 41 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References 46 3. RangeExpansionandItsGeneticConsequencesinPopulationsof theGiantToad, Bufo marinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Simon Easteal Introduction 49 TheSpreadof Bufo marinus 50 TheIntroductions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 TheAustralianRangeExpansion 52 GeneticVariationintheIntroducedPopulations. . . . . . . . . . . 58 TheData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 GeneticVariability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 EffectivePopulationSize 62 Dispersal, GeneFlow, andNeighborhoodSize 63 TheGeneticEffectsofRangeExpansion 64 GeographicalPatternsofVariation 74 Conclusion 81 References 82 4. EvolutionbySocialSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Shozo Yokoyama Introduction 85 ConceptofSocialSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 EvidenceforSocialSelection;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 MultipleNeurofibromatosis 88 HuntingtonDisease 89 MentalRetardation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Schizophrenia 91 SocialSelectionModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 AutosomalGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Contents xl X-LinkedGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 RandomGeneticDriftandVariableSelectionIntensity. . . . 112 MaternalEffects 115 DNAPolymorphismandSocialSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 References 122 5. TheInfluenceofTaxonomicMethodonthePerceptionofPatterns ofEvolution. . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Andrew B. Smith and Colin Patterson Introduction 127 TheNatureofTaxa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 WhyNonmonophyleticGroupsAreNotRealTaxa 131 ParaphyleticTaxaasNaturalAdaptivelyUnifiedGroups., 131 NonmonophyleticGroupsasValidSamplesof Species-LevelProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 TheRedQueenHypothesis 134 TaxonDurationIsProportionaltotheNumberofSpecies IncludedintheTaxon 135 TaxonomicExtinctionsunderConsiderationAreLargely Artefactual 139 TheRedQueenasSystematist: TheProbabilityThata TaxonomistWillSplitaGroupIsInverselyProportional totheNumberofSpeciesinThatGroup 142 DecreaseinExtinctionRatethroughTime 142 PeriodicityofExtinction 143 GenericDataandLagerstatten 147 SpeciesDiversity 148 WhatDoFossilSpeciesSample? 152 AnalysisofGaps 153 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .